ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 Global Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, was dedicated to promoting successful cases and best practices in fighting and preventing noncommunicable disease (NCDs). The global effort undertaken by WHO aims to reduce road traffic deaths in order to meet goal number 3.4 of the sustainable development goals. OBJECTIVES: To describe two Brazilian road safety prevention programs, presented at the WHO 2017 Global Conference: São Paulo Traffic Safety Movement (Movimento Paulista de Segurança no Trânsito) and Safe Life Program of Brasília (Programa Brasília Vida Segura), along with their governance structures, models and results. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a descriptive case study conducted in São Paulo and Brasilia from 2015 to 2018. These programs aimed to reduce the number of deaths caused by road accidents to 8.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in São Paulo by 2020 and in Brasília by 2016; and to reduce harmful use of alcohol by 10% by 2020. METHODS: These two initiatives were designed, managed and operated to bring together government and civil society, i.e. industry, academia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc., around the common goal of saving lives. They were collaborative and guided by sharing of best practices, learning and information, thereby making it possible to attain more and better results. Their format enables reproduction in cities across all Brazilian regions. RESULTS: The results attest to the efficacy of the programs implemented in these two cities. In Brasília, the initiative helped reduce the number of traffic-related deaths by 35% (2017). In the same year in the state of São Paulo, 7,600 deaths were avoided. CONCLUSION: Both programs are innovative public policies that deal with health issues caused by the external agents that ultimately account for the rapid increase in days lost to disability. Prevention of external causes of deaths and injuries, such as traffic violence, strongly correlates with changes in habits and actions, especially excessive consumption of alcohol, and with NCDs in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Preventive Health Services/methods , Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control , Preventive Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Alcohol Drinking/mortality , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Health Education/methods , Cities/statistics & numerical data , Efficiency, Organizational , Age Distribution , Public-Private Sector Partnerships/organization & administration , Noncommunicable Diseases/mortalityABSTRACT
This article analyzes the Brazilian political system from the local perspective. Following Cox (1997), we review the problems with electoral coordination that emerge from a given institutional framework. Due to the characteristics of the Brazilian Federal system and its electoral rules, linkage between the three levels of government is not guaranteed a priori, but demands a coordinating effort by the parties' leadership. According to our hypothesis, the parties are capable of coordinating their election strategies at different levels in the party system. Regression models based on two-stage least squares (2SLS) and TOBIT, analyzing a panel of Brazilian municipalities with data from the 1994 and 2000 elections, show that the proportion of votes received by a party in a given election correlates closely with its previous votes in majoritarian elections. Despite institutional incentives, the Brazilian party system shows evidence that it is organized nationally to the extent that it links the competition for votes at the three levels of government (National, State, and Municipal).
Dans cet article, on examine le système politique du point de vue local. Selon l'exemple de Cox (1997), on considère les problèmes de coordination électorale qui surgissent à partir d'un cadre institutionnel donné. Compte tenu des caractéristiques de la fédération brésilienne et de ses règles électorales, l'articulation entre les trois sphères du gouvernement n'est pas assurée et demande un effort de coordination de la part des leaders des partis. On part de l'hypothèse que les partis sont capables de coordonner leurs stratégies électorales à divers niveaux du système. Les estimations des modèles de régression à deux stades (2SLS) et par TOBIT, prenant pour base un panel de municipalités brésiliennes comprenant les données des élections de 1994 et 2000, montrent que la proportion des votes reçus par un parti lors d'une élection est étroitement liée aux votes reçus précédemment aux élections majoritaires. Malgré les aides institutionnelles, le système brésilien de partis semble organisé nationalement dans la mesure où il articule la compétition électorale aux trois niveaux de gouvernement.
ABSTRACT
Este artigo analisa como as pesquisas de vitimização podem contribuir para o aumento da eficiência e da eficácia das intervenções públicas, com vistas à redução do crime. Em particular, avalia de que forma esses levantamentos podem complementar os demais sistemas de informações sobre a segurança pública e discute os aspectos metodológicos, que têm efeito sobre as estimativas do número de vítimas e das taxas de recurso à polícia.